Hybrid CTAB–Silica and APTES-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Adsorption-Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A in Environmental and Food Samples

Afef Dhaffouli; Pedro A. Salazar-Carballo; Younes Moussaoui; Soledad Carinelli; Rodrigo Segura-Del Río; Houcine Barhoumi

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ae4ccf

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Hybrid CTAB–Silica and APTES-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Adsorption-Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A in Environmental and Food Samples

Afef Dhaffouli·Afef Dhaffouli·Pedro A. Salazar-Carballo·Younes Moussaoui·Soledad Carinelli·Rodrigo Segura-Del Río·Houcine Barhoumi

Journal of The Electrochemical SocietyVol. 173Issue 5March 13, 2026DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/ae4ccf

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Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical and emerging environmental contaminant whose presence in water and food at low concentrations poses health risks. Here, we developed a hybrid nanocomposite electrode combining cetyltrimethylammonium bromide–incorporated silica (CTAB@SiO 2 ) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for electrochemical BPA detection. CTAB@SiO 2 provides a porous, positively charged matrix to enhance BPA adsorption and preconcentration, while APTES-functionalized MWCNTs ensure efficient electron transport and structural stability on a glassy carbon electrode. The sensor exhibits enhanced voltammetric response, which is consistent with adsorption-assisted accumulation and increased electroactive surface area. Under optimized conditions, three distinct linear ranges were obtained (1.5 × 10 –9 –1 × 10 –8 M, 1 × 10 –8 –1 × 10 –7 M, and 1 × 10 –7 –1 × 10 –6 M), reflecting adsorption-controlled, mixed adsorption–diffusion, and diffusion-controlled regimes, respectively, with a detection limit of 1.2 × 10 –9 M (S/N = 3) and a sensitivity (up to 3.13

× 10 8 A·M −1 ·cm −2 in the ultra-trace range). The electrode demonstrated good repeatability, selectivity, and stability, with recoveries in spiked environmental and food samples ranging from 96.0% to 102.4%. These results results highlight CTAB@SiO 2 @MWCNT–APTES as an adsorption-enhanced platform for BPA monitoring, while further validation in naturally contaminated samples is needed to confirm ultra-trace performance.

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Dhaffouli, A., Salazar-Carballo, P., Moussaoui, Y., Carinelli, S., Río, R., & Barhoumi, H. (2026). Hybrid CTAB–Silica and APTES-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Adsorption-Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A in Environmental and Food Samples. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 173(5). https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ae4ccf

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Hybrid CTAB–Silica and APTES-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Adsorption-Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Bisphenol A in Environmental and Food Samples

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